Amniocentesis
Amniocentesis is the technique of obtaining amniotic fluid from the womb of a pregnant woman for prenatal detection of foetal disorders. More than 30 genetic diseases have been detected in the growing foetus by means of this technique. Information about sex of the unborn child, which is of immense importance to the genetic counselor, can also be obtained through amniocentesis.
In this process sample of amniotic fluid surrounding the foetus is obtained with the help of hypodermic needle passed through abdominal wall from a pregnant woman. The foetal cells which are shed normally into this amniotic fluid can be finally cultured under test-tube conditions. This facilitates to process or analyze the foetal cells in two ways:
1. Karyotype analysis – This cultured foetal cells is useful for the detection of chromosomal abnormalities in growing embryo. It is also helpful in determination of sex on the basis of presence or absence of sex chromatin.
2. Biochemical test – It also detects the presence or absence of certain enzymes or other metabolic features. It is useful for the detection of prenatal diseases.
Amniocentesis is usually employed when the foetus has a high risk of genetic disease or when pregnant woman is over 35 years of age. This technique is, however, being misused even to abort normal female foetus. Therefore it has been now banned.
Test-tube babies
In some rare cases, women are unable to conceive and give birth to a child normally. In such women the fertilization is not possible in the uterus. Due to remarkable advances in medical science, for such cases, unfertilized ovum is taken out kept under sterile or aseptic conditions in a test-tube. The fertilization process is completed with a sperm taken from her husband outside the body. The zygote thus formed is allowed to developed in vitro upto 32 cells stage and then it is put into the female reproduction tract for implantation which undergoes further development in the womb till birth. Such babies are called test tube babies.
The first attempt to produce a test tube baby was named by the Italian scientist Dr. Petrucci in 1959 when he began his epoch-making experiment. He removed an ovum from a patient and put it a glass tube among swimming million of spermatozoa, one of which met and fertilized the egg under rigidly monitored condition in a glass dome. The embryo grew. Although the embryo survived for just 29 days, Dr. Petrucci’s experiment opened up a new vista that had the potential to revolutionize the future of mankind.
The first complete successful experiment through in vitro (test tube) embryology is, however, credited to the Gynecologist Patric Steptoe and research Physiologists Robert Edwards of England who had been working for over a decade to perfect a technique for fertilizing human eggs outside the human body. On July 25, 1978, the world’s first test tube baby’ – a baby girl named Louise Joy Brown, was born. The Browns had been trying to have a child for some nine years. The baby, Mrs. Brown eventually had, was conceived in laboratory culture disc.
The method used involved removing a ripe egg from the wife’s ovary and placing it in a culture disc together with sperm taken from her husband. The embryo was allowed to develop for two and a half days. Then embryo was placed in the uterus of a woman, where it become implanted and grew like any other foetus. The birth of an absolutely normal baby by caesarian section took place 28 weeks and 5 days after Mrs. Brown’s menstrual period.
This method has been employed to some of women who are not able to have a normal conception. This has opened a wide biomedical application but raised several ethical and legal problems, such as right over the child.
Amniocentesis is the technique of obtaining amniotic fluid from the womb of a pregnant woman for prenatal detection of foetal disorders. More than 30 genetic diseases have been detected in the growing foetus by means of this technique. Information about sex of the unborn child, which is of immense importance to the genetic counselor, can also be obtained through amniocentesis.
In this process sample of amniotic fluid surrounding the foetus is obtained with the help of hypodermic needle passed through abdominal wall from a pregnant woman. The foetal cells which are shed normally into this amniotic fluid can be finally cultured under test-tube conditions. This facilitates to process or analyze the foetal cells in two ways:
1. Karyotype analysis – This cultured foetal cells is useful for the detection of chromosomal abnormalities in growing embryo. It is also helpful in determination of sex on the basis of presence or absence of sex chromatin.
2. Biochemical test – It also detects the presence or absence of certain enzymes or other metabolic features. It is useful for the detection of prenatal diseases.
Amniocentesis is usually employed when the foetus has a high risk of genetic disease or when pregnant woman is over 35 years of age. This technique is, however, being misused even to abort normal female foetus. Therefore it has been now banned.
Test-tube babies
In some rare cases, women are unable to conceive and give birth to a child normally. In such women the fertilization is not possible in the uterus. Due to remarkable advances in medical science, for such cases, unfertilized ovum is taken out kept under sterile or aseptic conditions in a test-tube. The fertilization process is completed with a sperm taken from her husband outside the body. The zygote thus formed is allowed to developed in vitro upto 32 cells stage and then it is put into the female reproduction tract for implantation which undergoes further development in the womb till birth. Such babies are called test tube babies.
The first attempt to produce a test tube baby was named by the Italian scientist Dr. Petrucci in 1959 when he began his epoch-making experiment. He removed an ovum from a patient and put it a glass tube among swimming million of spermatozoa, one of which met and fertilized the egg under rigidly monitored condition in a glass dome. The embryo grew. Although the embryo survived for just 29 days, Dr. Petrucci’s experiment opened up a new vista that had the potential to revolutionize the future of mankind.
The first complete successful experiment through in vitro (test tube) embryology is, however, credited to the Gynecologist Patric Steptoe and research Physiologists Robert Edwards of England who had been working for over a decade to perfect a technique for fertilizing human eggs outside the human body. On July 25, 1978, the world’s first test tube baby’ – a baby girl named Louise Joy Brown, was born. The Browns had been trying to have a child for some nine years. The baby, Mrs. Brown eventually had, was conceived in laboratory culture disc.
The method used involved removing a ripe egg from the wife’s ovary and placing it in a culture disc together with sperm taken from her husband. The embryo was allowed to develop for two and a half days. Then embryo was placed in the uterus of a woman, where it become implanted and grew like any other foetus. The birth of an absolutely normal baby by caesarian section took place 28 weeks and 5 days after Mrs. Brown’s menstrual period.
This method has been employed to some of women who are not able to have a normal conception. This has opened a wide biomedical application but raised several ethical and legal problems, such as right over the child.
1 comments:
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